TAILIEUCHUNG - Training writing skills: A cognitive developmental perspective

The third stage characterizes the progression to professional expertise in writing. The writer must maintain and manipulate in working memory a representation of the text that might be constructed by an imagined reader as well as the author and text representations. Notice that this stage now involves modeling not just the reader's view of the writer's message but also the reader's interpretation of the text itself. In knowledge-crafting, the writer shapes what to say and how to say it with the potential reader fully in mind. The writer tries to anticipate different ways that the reader might interpret the. | Training writing skills A cognitive developmental perspective Ronald T. Kellogg Saint Louis University USA Abstract Writing skills typically develop over a course of more than two decades as a child matures and learns the craft of composition through late adolescence and into early adulthood. The novice writer progresses from a stage of knowledge-telling to a stage of knowledgetransforming characteristic of adult writers. Professional writers advance further to an expert stage of knowledge-crafting in which representations of the author s planned content the text itself and the prospective reader s interpretation of the text are routinely manipulated in working memory. Knowledge-transforming and especially knowledge-crafting arguably occur only when sufficient executive attention is available to provide a high degree of cognitive control over the maintenance of multiple representations of the text as well as planning conceptual content generating text and reviewing content and text. Because executive attention is limited in capacity such control depends on reducing the working memory demands of these writing processes through maturation and learning. It is suggested that students might best learn writing skills through cognitive apprenticeship training programs that emphasize deliberate practice. Keywords writing skills professional writers cognitive development working memory training journal of SZJ WRITING RESEARCH Kellogg . 2008 . Training writing skills A cognitive developmental perspective. Journal of writing research 1 1 1-26 Contact and copyright Earli Ronald T. Kellogg Department of Psychology Saint Louis University 211 North Grand Blvd. St. Louis MO 63103 USA kelloggr@ Ronald T. Kellogg Training Writing Skills 2 Learning how to write a coherent effective text is a difficult and protracted achievement of cognitive development that contrasts sharply with the acquisition of speech. By the age of 5 spoken language is normally highly developed with a

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