TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Foundations of nursing: An integrated approach: Chapter 6 - Cliff Evans, Emma Tippins

Chapter 6 - The renal system. This chapter discusses the renal, or urinary, system, which is a multifaceted, complex and vital structure. Diseases affecting this system are common, particularly infections, although failure of the system does not necessarily need to include an underlying infection as complete failure can result from many origins. | Chapter 6 The Renal System The Renal System The Renal or urinary system is composed of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and the urethra. The kidneys are classically described as two bean shaped organs suspended at the rear or posteriorly within the abdomen (retroperitoneal). The structure of a kidney can be described in two distinct parts; The cortex on the outside The medulla on the inside The Renal System Each kidney is connected to the bladder via a ureter. The urethra connects the bladder to the external environment and therefore provides the exit point for urine. Each kidney is composed of around one million excretory units called nephrons measuring around 3cm. Figure An overview of the components of the renal system The Intricate Workings of a Nephron · The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus The Proximal convoluted tubule The loop of Henle The distal convoluted tubule The collecting duct Figure The Intricate Workings of a Nephron Overview of the Renal System The kidney’s functions centre on excretion and secretion: Excretory Waste products of metabolism-urea and creatinine Excess fluid-concentration/dilation of urine Acid base balance regulation Secretary Blood pressure regulation Red cell production Activation of vitamin of D, and calcium uptake Acid base balance regulation=excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and conservation of bicarbonate ions The Urine The composition of urine constantly changes The colour of urine partially reflects its concentration . the lighter the urine the less concentrated it is, it also reflects the amount of bilirubin and bile pigment present. Urine is composed of: 96% water 2% urea 2% chemicals, including; sodium, potassium and ammonia It is necessary to generate and void around 30mls of urine per hour to eliminate the waste products of cellular metabolism (Clancy & McVicar 2002). Examining Urine Examination of a patient’s urine can consolidate many clinical findings, it is therefore

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• Foundations of nursing
• Lecture Foundations of nursing
• Body systems
• Nursing in practice
• Renal system
• Renal disease
• Nursing register
• Nursing process
• Regulatory mechanisms
• Homeostatic feedback mechanisms
• Respiratory system
• Central control of respiration
• Cardiovascular system
• Heart disease
• Nervous system
• The brain
• Gastrointestinal system
• Digestive system
• Musculoskeletal system
• Functions of the skeleton
• Reproductive system
• Male hormones
• Lymphatics systems
• Endocrine systems
• The senses
• The eye
• Children’s act
• Child protection
• Mental illness
• Mental health
• Learning disabilities
• Cerebral palsy
• First aid knowledge
• International distress sign
• Drug calculations
• Older patient