TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Foundations of nursing: An integrated approach: Chapter 2 - Cliff Evans, Emma Tippins
Chapter 2 - Homeostasis. After studying this chapter you will be able to gain knowledge and insight into the physiology related to the systems involved in maintaining homeostasis, to gain insight into conditions related to dysfunction of these systems, to apply theory to practice by understanding the clinical presentation when homeostatic failure occurs in patients,. | Chapter 2 Homeostasis Agenda Introduction Regulatory mechanisms Homeostasis & Clinical Presentations Homeostatic feedback mechanisms Heat-generating and heat loss mechanisms Pathology of fever Homeostatic control of blood pressure Oxygen delivery Agenda cont. Carbon dioxide production, transport and excretion Carbonate-bicarbonate buffering system Control of insulin and glucose release Defining shock Defining the cause of shock Structured initial assessment Introduction Homeostasis = state of functional equilibrium within the body’s internal environment, namely the cells, tissues, organs and fluids. Maintenance of homeostasis depends primarily on providing an internal environment suitable for facilitating normal cellular function. Certain stimuli can result in alterations to the internal physical environment referred to as stressors, all of which have the ability to affect cellular function pathologically. Insults range from compromise to a specific cellular function, through to multi-organ failure and death. The internal environment is constantly changing or adapting; this is a direct result of physical, psychological and environmental stressors. Regulatory Mechanisms The human body has many homeostatic mechanisms which govern a multitude of cellular processes: Thermal, Chemical, Neural, Hormonal. Common processes include: production of insulin, the regulation of food intake, water and electrolyte balance, the hypothalamic control of body temperature, the maintenance of cardiac output, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, the balance between acidity and alkalinity as a consequence of metabolism. Others are less known but are of no less importance: calcium homeostasis for the remodelling and repair of bones. hormones controlling growth, the sleep/wake cycle, the body’s response to stress and illness to maintain health. Homeostasis & Clinical Presentations During illness or excessive or prolonged exposure to stressors, the ability of the body to self-regulate
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