TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 17 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 17 - From gene to protein. This chapter describe the contributions made by Garrod, Beadle, and Tatum to our understanding of the relationship between genes and enzymes; briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein; compare transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes; explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous;. | Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept : Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation How was the fundamental relationship between genes and proteins discovered? George Beadle and Edward Tatum exposed bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants that were unable to survive on minimal medium as a result of inability to synthesize certain molecules. They developed a one gene–one enzyme hypothesis, which states that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Beadle and Tatum: One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis RESULTS EXPERIMENT CONCLUSION Growth: Wild-type cells growing and dividing No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide Minimal medium Classes of Neurospora crassa Wild type Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants Minimal medium (MM) (control) MM + ornithine MM + citrulline Condition MM + arginine (control) Class I mutants (mutation in gene A) Wild type Class II mutants (mutation in gene B) Class III mutants (mutation in gene C) Gene A Gene B Gene C Precursor Precursor Precursor Precursor Enzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme B Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine Enzyme B Enzyme B Enzyme B Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline Enzyme C Enzyme C Enzyme C Enzyme C Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine Figure Do individual genes specify the enzymes that function in a biochemical pathway? X-Rays Caused Mutations in Bread Mold --> Affecting Growth EXPERIMENT Growth: .

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