TAILIEUCHUNG - Civilising the uplands: development of rubber plantations in remote areas of Lao PDR

Hevea brasiliensis, like many plants produces latex that oozes from injuries to the stem in the form of a milky sap. Latex is produced by special cells called laticifers and is thought to be a defence against insect pathogens and possibly a medium for depositing metabolic waste of the tree. Latex flows from the living parts of a rubber tree in response to wounding, tapping being in fact controlled wounding using the sap for the manufacture of rubber without seriously damaging the tree (Edgar, 1947). Tapping is carried out preferably early in the morning as it produces more latex. | Civilising the uplands development of rubber plantations in remote areas of Lao PDR1 Wasana La-orngplew2 1. Introduction In the preface of his fascinating book The Arts of Not Being Governed an Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia Scott 2009 ix terms vast areas of Asian hinterlands- known as the Southeast Asian mainland massif covering million square kilometres composing 100 million diversely ethnic populations-as Zomia . Scott views Zomia a term proposed firstly by Van Schendel 2002 as the largest remaining region of the world whose people have not yet been fully incorporated into nation-states Ibid . No doubt that Scott accounts Zomia as a stateless space from his metaphor of state and non-state space Scott 1998 186 . The Zomia as Scott states is a zone of refuge or asylum p. 22 31 143 where its population chose to move outside the easy reach of the state power p. 128 . Cultural economic and social features of Zomia contrast to what have been found in a state space which is termed as a space of appropriation Scott 2009 40 where it has been made to be legible to and accessible for the state to take advantage from a surplus of grains usually from irrigated wet-rice cultivation and corvée labours. Scott argues that while state people have settled down in quasi-permanent areas and practice permanent agriculture especially paddies stateless people usually maintain their mobility and shifting agriculture -an agricultural form of escape 1998 23 . In the eyes of the modern state and lowland populations hinterland people have been always seen as uncivilised people. Their gricultural practices settlement social organisations and culture of the upland people which differ from those lowland civilised population are usually seen as simple primitive backward destructive and inefficient Laungaramsri 1999 Li 1999 Tsing 1999 Duncan 2004a 2004b McElwee 2004 . Scott however attempts to deconstruct what he calls a lowland discourse on civilisation which sees hinterland .

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