TAILIEUCHUNG - Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions

However, economic downturns can have a detrimental effect on the creation of new, innovative businesses when access to financing dries up. The key role of finance in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is illustrated by Finland (Figure 3) where the peak in financial constraints coincided closely with the deep recession of the early 1990s and a downturn in self- employed. Economic growth suffers doubly in the long term since innovative new firms exert competitive pressure on established firms pushing them to innovate. Barriers to entry are higher during downturns: studies for the United States, for example, show that. | Personality and Social Psychology Review 2004 Vol. 8 No. 4 339-363 Copyright 2004 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Sexual Economics Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions Roy F. Baumeister Department of Psychology Florida State University Kathleen D. Vohs Faculty of Commerce Marketing Division University of British Columbia A heterosexual community can be analyzed as a marketplace in which men seek to acquire sex from women by offering other resources in exchange. Societies will therefore define gender roles as if women are sellers and men buyers of sex. Societies will endow female sexuality but not male sexuality with value as in virginity fidelity chastity . The sexual activities of different couples are loosely interrelated by a marketplace instead of being fully separate or private and each couple s decisions may be influenced by market conditions. Economic principles suggest that the price of sex will depend on supply and demand competition among sellers variations in product collusion among sellers and other factors. Research findings show gender asymmetries reflecting the complementary economic roles in prostitution courtship infidelity and divorce female competition the sexual revolution and changing norms unequal status between partners cultural suppression of female sexuality abusive relationships rape and sexual attitudes. Sexual activity is often regarded as among the most private of activities negotiated by two individuals on the basis of their own individual desires and values. Idealistic treatments describe the two individuals as potentially equal and interchangeable. In this article we place sexual negotiations in the context of a cultural system in which men and women play different roles resembling buyer and seller in a marketplace that is ineluctably affected by the exchanges between other buyers and sellers. In recent decades two main theoretical approaches have dominated the field of sexuality. One of these .

• Kinh tế học
• Pathophysiology of Celiac Disease
• Mucosal Expression
• Celiac Disease
• Environmental Carcinogenesis
• Occupational Settings
• Chernobyl Accident
• Disease Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations