TAILIEUCHUNG - Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization

Expenditure on R&D is low by OECD standards. Business R&D (BERD) is particularly low but is growing faster than the OECD mean. However, as a proportion of total industry value added, New Zealand small fi rms undertake more BERD than small fi rms in most other OECD countries. International patenting rates are also well below the OECD mean and are not growing. New Zealand has a relatively large proportion of R&D personnel in its workforce but they are concentrated in the higher education sector and government. It produces more science and engineering articles per head than the OECD mean | Production Information Costs and Economic Organization By Armen a. Alchian and Harold Demsetz The mark of a capitalistic society is that resources are owned and allocated by such nongovernmental organizations as firms households and markets. Resource owners increase productivity through cooperative specialization and this leads to the demand for economic organizations which facilitate cooperation. When a lumber mill employs a cabinetmaker cooperation between specialists is achieved within a firm and when a cabinetmaker purchases wood from a lumberman the cooperation takes place across markets or between firms . Two important problems face a theory of economic organization to explain the conditions that determine whether the gains from specialization and cooperative production can better be obtained within an organization like the firm or across markets and to explain the structure of the organization. It is common to see the firm characterized by the power to settle issues by fiat by authority or by disciplinary action superior to that available in the conventional market. This is delusion. The firm does not own all its inputs. It has no power of fiat no authority no disciplinary action any different in the slightest degree from ordinary market contracting between any two people. I can punish you only by withholding future business or by seeking redress in the courts for any failure to honor our exchange agreement. That is exactly all that any employer can do. He Professors of economics at the University of California Los Angeles. Acknowledgment is made for financial aid from the E. Lilly Endowment Inc. grant to UCLA for research in the behavioral effects of property rights. can fire or sue just as I can fire my grocer by stopping purchases from him or sue him for delivering faulty products. What then is the content of the presumed power to manage and assign workers to various tasks Exactly the same as one little consumer s power to manage and assign his grocer to

• Kinh tế học
• Detection of Carcinogens
• Isolation and Detection
• Carcinogenic Nucleic
• Disease Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations
• Celiac Disease
• Environmental Carcinogenesis
• Occupational Settings
• Chernobyl Accident
• Marine Mammal Stock