TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 35

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 35. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART TWO POWER AND ENGINEERING 1920-1945 The high speed compression ignition engine Compression ignition engines for application to transport require a compact lightweight high speed piston speeds exceeding s 1500ft min high efficiency internal combustion engine with solid injection of the fuel. Such an engine was developed between 1920 and 1930. At the time it was a widely held belief that high speed in the compression ignition engine was impossible because the combustion processes were too slow. In addition Diesel had found and experience in the 1920s confirmed that solid injection methods required careful study otherwise the engine ran roughly with poor fuel consumption. The requirements for a successful high speed solid injection engine were elucidated as a result of careful studies of the details of the combustion process. One of the most important contributions to this work was . He found among other things that careful control of the air motion in the cylinder was important consequently the introduction of solid injection coincided with development of many different types of combustion chamber. 1945-1986 Power efficiency and cleanliness In the years following the Second World War the history of the compression ignition engine has been dominated by the development of engines of everincreasing specific power output kW kg or hp lb mass which has been due to the rising mean effective pressure as a result of the universal adoption of turbocharging Figure . Consequently attention has to be paid in design to handling high mechanical and thermal loads. The design of the compression ignition engine has settled into a pattern where most low speed less than 250rpm large stationary or marine engines operate on the two-stroke cycle. High speed engines with speeds in excess of 1200rpm are four-stroke and medium speed engines 250-1200rpm usually operate on the four-stroke cycle but occasional examples of engines using the two-stroke cycle can be found

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