TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 34

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 34. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART TWO POWER AND ENGINEERING Figure a The air-standard Diesel modified Carnot cycle plotted on coordinates of pressure P and volume V . The true Carnot cycle 1 2 3 1 was modified by Diesel as follows i expansion was terminated at point 5 in order to provide a cylinder of reasonable dimensions shown solid in the lower diagram with the dashed lines showing the cylinder dimensions required by the true Carnot cycle ii the constant temperature heat addition process 3 - 4 of the true Carnot cycle was replaced by the constant pressure heat addition process 3 - 4 in engines built after 1893 when it was found in the prototype to be impossible to produce a constant temperature combustion process. 312 STEAM AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES b The air-standard compression ignition cycle plotted on coordinates of pressure P and volume V . The heat addition combustion in the real engine processes tend to be different depending on the method of fuel injection. Research by Ricardo showed that fuel injected by air is much more finely divided than that resulting from solid injection so burning is very fast and the rate of combustion can be controlled by the rate of fuel admission. Consequently the pressure-volume diagram follows the path 2 3 . With solid injection there is a delay before combustion starts this is followed by a rapid rise in pressure 2 - 3 . At point 3 the pressure and temperature of the cylinder contents are so high that the remaining fuel ignites on entry and as with air injection the rate of burning depends on the rate of fuel supply 3 - 4 . divided spray at the end of the compression process and is ignited by contact with the high temperature compressed air in the cylinder. Diesel s original proposal made in about 1890 was for an engine working on the Carnot cycle see Appendix p. 342 with a compression ratio of 50 1 a maximum pressure of 253bar 3675psi and temperature of 800 C 1470 F giving an air standard efficiency of Figure a . However the mean

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