TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 18

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 18. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART ONE MATERIALS most of the iron made in blast furnaces went through a second process for conversion into wrought iron. This apparent duplication of effort was in the interests of increased production even in the early days of the blast furnace it would make as much iron in a day as a bloomery could make in weeks. Conversion of the cast iron from the blast furnace into wrought iron was done in a furnace called a finery which also used charcoal for fuel and was blown by waterwheel-driven bellows. Here the solid pieces of cast iron were remelted in the fire and the carbon which had combined with the iron in the blast furnace was driven off leaving wrought iron. Because this iron was made in two stages instead of one as in the bloomery the name indirect reduction is given to the process. With the blast furnace and the finery both worked by water power it was not only possible to make more iron it was possible to make bigger pieces and the waterwheel-driven hammer came into use for hammering the wrought iron pieces still called blooms . Records exist of power hammers before the blast furnace and finery but before 1500 they were rare. The making of iron in bigger pieces although it was more economical brought its problems for many iron users still needed long thin bars blacksmiths for horseshoes for example and nailmakers. The power hammer could not forge a bar smaller than about 20mm square simply because when hot the iron became too long and flexible to be handled. Furthermore the long thin lengths cooled down too quickly and no furnace available at that time could reheat them. A very effective answer to the problem was provided by the slitting mill. This machine driven by water powder cut up long thin strips of iron into a number of small rods as the strip passed between rotating discs or cutters and it could be adjusted to slit various sizes. To prepare the long thin strip for slitting the machine incorporated another device a pair of smooth rolls which were in .

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