TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 14

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 14. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART ONE MATERIALS Deville at Salindres found that only after very carefully purifying his alumina was he able to produce aluminium containing less than 2 per cent impurities. The technique he employed the Deville-Pechiney process was developed by his associate Paul Morin it is still occasionally used for the treatment of bauxites which contain a lot of iron although it was not too effective in removing large quantities of silica. The Deville process was however superseded in 1887 by a cheaper and simpler approach devised by the Austrian chemist KarlJoseph Bayer which is now almost universally employed. Unlike the expensive Deville technique it depended entirely upon wet chemistry and involves no fusion process. Bauxite was digested under pressure by a caustic soda solution in an autoclave at temperatures between 150 and 160 C. This reaction produced a soluble solution of sodium aluminate the major impurities such as iron oxide titania and most of the silica being left behind as a red mud. Alumina was precipitated from the caustic soda solution when it was cooled and diluted with water. After calcination it was then suitable as a feedstock for the electrolytic cells. The British Aluminium Company BAC Limited was floated on 18 December 1894 to acquire the British rights to the Bayer and Heroult processes and others including the patents and factory site of the Cowles Syndicate at Milton in Staffordshire where a rolling mill was installed. Lord Kelvin was appointed as Scientific Adviser to the company and in 1898 he joined the board of directors. The progress of this company however is inevitably associated with William Murray Morrison who was appointed as chief engineer at the beginning of 1895 and served BAC for half a century. Over this time the world output of aluminium increased from 200 tonnes per annum in 1894 to 5000 tonnes in 1900 and in 1945 to well over two million tonnes. The world output of primary aluminium in 1980 reached a peak in the vicinity of 16 .

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