TAILIEUCHUNG - Báo cáo khoa học: "Preprogramming for Mechanical Translation"

TRANSLATION is a species of communication in which the set of symbols adopted by the communicator is changed into another set of symbols before reception. It is possible to argue that all communication involves such a substitution of symbols and that communication within a single language is merely a limiting case of translation. | Mechanical Translation July 1956 pp. 20-25 Preprogramming for Mechanical Translation R. H. Richens TRANSLATION is a species of communication in which the set of symbols adopted by the communicator is changed into another set of symbols before reception. It is possible to argue that all communication involves such a substitution of symbols and that communication within a single language is merely a limiting case of translation. For present purposes however we shall confine the scope of discussion to translation between different spoken or written languages. We have next to inquire as to what remains invariant in translation. If we try to convey the maximum significance of the symbols of the base language it is clear that a great deal is involved gross meaning the subtler overtones deliberately concealed meanings manifestations of the subconscious mind the sound of the base words or their appearance in script metrical characteristics etymology the associations engendered by the communication the statistical characteristics of the communication as a sample of the output of a particular author or period and the pleasure or otherwise engendered by communication in an informed or cultivated recipient. It is obvious that a mere fraction of all this comes over in any translation and hence we derive the notion of translation as a scaled process. We translate at various levels and in respect of various characteristics. An additional limitation on the precision of translation is provided by the peculiarities of the target language which may contain no symbol for an idea in the base language a frequent occurrence in the case of exotic plants or animals or no method of rendering an idea without adding an inaccurate qualifier as in Chinese-to-English translation where the neutrality of the Chinese noun with respect to number cannot be preserved. The notion of level or mode of translation is important. Machine translation has earned a certain notoriety for its .

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