TAILIEUCHUNG - Evidence in Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine

While we distinguish the first four 'rungs' of the Intervention Ladder as involving different degrees of organisational involvement and (potentially) cost, we do not distinguish them on ethical grounds: all are 'altruist-focused interventions'. We do not consider that refunding expenses involved in donation or providing minor tokens as a „spur‟ to donation involve ethical compromises in a way that information campaigns or letters of thanks do not. Thus the rationale for deciding between these four rungs will effectively be empirical: is it necessary to advance a 'rung' to ensure that people who are potentially willing to donate. | Philosophy Compass 2 6 2007 981-1022 Evidence in Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine John Worrall London School of Economics Abstract It is surely obvious that medicine like any other rational activity must be based on evidence. The interest is in the details how exactly are the general principles of the logic of evidence to be applied in medicine Focussing on the development and current claims of the Evidence-Based Medicine movement this article raises a number of difficulties with the rationales that have been supplied in particular for the evidence hierarchy and for the very special role within that hierarchy of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of the results of randomized controlled trials . The point is not at all to question the application of a scientific approach to evidence in medicine but on the contrary to indicate a number of areas where philosophers of science can contribute to a proper implementation of exactly that scientific-evidential approach. 1. Introduction Unusually this Compass article on philosophy of science is not a guide to the existing literature in some subfield of the discipline but rather an attempt to point to a new area where philosophers of science could have enormous impact - both intellectual and very unusually practical - but have so far very largely not done The area is that of the logic of evidence as applied to medicine. The study of evidence or confirmation theory has of course always been at the very centre of the discipline of philosophy of science. At very general root the principles of evidence are - so I would argue - universal and common to all But of course the way that these very general principles are applied in a particular discipline may be highly dependent on particular features of that discipline and undoubtedly interesting specific issues about evidence arise in the area of medicine. A suitable focus for the study of many though by no means all .

• Y học thường thức
• organisational involvement
• altruist focused
• donation or providing
• opportunities for development
• mproving Understanding
• environmental agreements
• Organisational behaviour
• Lecture Organisational behaviour
• Pacific Rim
• Hành vi tổ chức
• Decision making
• Employee involvement
• liberal policy
• previously referred
• Steinman discovered
• memory against
• multiple HPV
• unanimously chosen