TAILIEUCHUNG - Faecal pollution and water quality

In terms of the shape of the EKC, debates and further studies have shown other variations from the inverted-U shape originally proposed: cubic function and L-shaped curves. Torras and Boyce (1998) suggested that instead of a quadratic function, the EKC actually follows a cubic one. This allows for the possibility that a downturn in pollution (at the peak of the inverted U) can be followed by a later upturn, that is, a reversal of the tendency for pollution levels to decline with further increases in per capita income. These findings imply that beyond some point, high-income levels, rather than. | CHAPTER 4 Faecal pollution and water quality Faecal pollution of recreational water can lead to health problems because of the presence of infectious microorganisms. These may be derived from human sewage or animal sources. This chapter relates to recreational water activities where whole-body contact takes place . those in which there is a meaningful risk of swallowing water . Approach Water safety or quality is best described by a combination of sanitary inspection and microbial water quality assessment. This approach provides data on possible sources of pollution in a recreational water catchment as well as numerical information on the actual level of faecal pollution. Combining these elements provides a basis for a robust graded classification as shown in Figure . FIGURE . SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION MATRIX 51 The results of the classification can be used to grade beaches in order to support informed personal choice provide on-site guidance to users on relative safety assist in the identification and promotion of effective management interventions and provide an assessment of regulatory compliance. In some instances microbial water quality may be strongly influenced by factors such as rainfall leading to relatively short periods of elevated faecal pollution. Experience in some areas has shown the possibility of advising against use at such times of increased risk and furthermore in some circumstances that individuals respond to such messages. Where it is possible to prevent human exposure to pollution hazards in this way this can be taken into account in both grading and advice. Combining classification based on sanitary inspection and microbial quality assessment with prevention of exposure at times of increased risk leads to a framework for assessing recreational water quality as outlined in Figure . The resulting classification both supports activities in pollution prevention . reducing stormwater overflows and provides a means to recognise

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