TAILIEUCHUNG - Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security

Our industrialized society generates an increasing amount of waste. This waste is released into the atmosphere, dumped into the water or buried into the earth. The pollution of the atmosphere is primarily caused by the combustion of fossil fuels in energy conversion devices. Some water and land pollution also occurs during the use of fossil fuels, but this problem is not as severe as that of air pollution and it is similar to that confronted by other industries (such as the chemical industry, to name just one). A pollutant is a substance – usually a harmful one – that is not a natural constituent of the environment | Review of Solutions to Global Warming Air Pollution and Energy Security Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305-4020 USA Email jacobson@ Tel 650 723-6836 Energy and Environmental Science Supplementary Information Appendix Derivation of results used for this study. Energy required for vehicles Low case High case A1 S1 2007 onroad vehicle miles traveled in the . mi yr 12 12 A2 S2 Total onroad vehicle fleet mileage mpg 01 01 A3 A1 A2 Gallons of fuel gas diesel used gal yr 11 11 A4 Lower heating value gasoline MJ kg 01 01 A5 Gasoline density kg m3 02 02 A6 Gallons per cubic meter gal m3 02 02 A7 A4 A5 A6 Energy stored in gasoline MJ gal 02 02 A8 A3 A7 Energy needed to power gasoline vehicles MJ yr 13 13 A9 S2 Gasoline vehicle efficiency fraction A10 A8 A9 Net energy to power . onroad vehicles MJ yr 12 12 A11 MJ per kWh 00 00 A12 A10 A11 Net energy to power . onroad vehicles kWh yr 12 12 . and world CO2 emissions B1 S3 . onroad vehicle CO2 2007 MT-CO2 yr 03 03 B2 S3 . other-vehicle CO2 MT-CO2 yr 02 02 B3 S4 . coal-electricity CO2 2007 MT-CO2 yr 03 03 B4 S4 . natural gas-electricity CO2 MT-CO2 yr 02 02 B5 S4 . oil electricity CO2 MT-CO2 yr 01 01 B5 S4 . non-elect non-transport. CO2 MT-CO2 yr 03 03 B6 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 . total fossil CO2 2007 MT-CO2 yr 03 03 B7 S5 World total CO2 2007 MT-CO2 yr 04 04 B8 S6 Fraction of upstream combust onroad CO2 from combust B9 B1 B8 . onroad combust fuel prod CO2 2007 MT-CO2 yr 03 03 . CO2 emissions per kWh electricity generated C1 S7 US electricity CO2 g-CO2e kWH 1998-2000 avg 02 02 C2 S7 .

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