TAILIEUCHUNG - Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis: Principles, Techniques, and Applications - Chapter 2

2 Calibration, Verification, Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data, Detection Limits, and Quality Assurance/Quality Control If you can measure that of which you speak, and can express it by a number, you know something of your subject, but if you cannot measure it, your knowledge is meager and unsatisfactory. —Lord Kelvin CHAPTER AT A GLANCE Good laboratory practice .38 Error in laboratory measurement 41 Instrument calibration and quantification45 Linear least squares regression58 Uncertainty in interpolated linear least squares regression 64 Instrument detection. | Ợ Calibration Verification Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data Detection Limits and Quality Assurance Quality Control If you can measure that of which you speak and can express it by a number you know something of your subject but if you cannot measure it your knowledge is meager and unsatisfactory. Lord Kelvin CHAPTER AT A GLANCE Good laboratory Error in laboratory Instrument calibration and Linear least squares Uncertainty in interpolated linear least squares Instrument detection Limit of Quality Linear vs. nonlinear least squares Electronic interfaces between instruments and Sampling Chromatographic and spectroscopic analytical instrumentation are the key determinative tools to quantitate the presence of chemical contaminants in biological fluids and in the environment. These instruments generate electrical signals that are related to the amount or concentration of an analyte of environmental or environmental health significance. This analyte is likely to be found in a sample matrix taken from the environment or from body fluids. Typical sample matrices drawn from the environment include groundwater surface water air soil wastewater sediment sludge and so forth. Computer technology has merely aided the conversion of an 37 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 38 Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis Second Edition analog signal from the transducer to the digital domain. It is the relationship between the analog or digital output from the instrument and the amount or concentration of a chemical species that is discussed in this chapter. The process by which an electrical signal is transformed to an amount or concentration is called instrument calibration. Chemical analysis based on measuring the mass or volume obtained from chemical reactions is stoichiometric. Gravimetric where the analyte of .

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