TAILIEUCHUNG - Kangas - Ecological Engineering - Principles and Practice - Chapter 8

8 Economics and Ecological Engineering Economics plays an important role in any engineering field, primarily as an aid in making design decisions. There is always a need to find the least expensive way to solve a problem and, at the most basic level. | Q Economics and Ecological Engineering INTRODUCTION Economics plays an important role in any engineering field primarily as an aid in making design decisions. There is always a need to find the least expensive way to solve a problem and at the most basic level economics provides a system for this accounting. The typical approach is to generate alternative solutions or designs and to evaluate these alternatives with economic criteria. The application of economics to engineering is a traditional subdiscipline called engineering economics Grant and Ireson 1964 Sepulveda et al. 1984 . In a sense economics reveals which alternatives are realistic in terms of implementation. Some may be too costly and are thus not realistic. However reality in this context depends on the accounting system that is used for evaluation. As will be discussed in this chapter conventional economics has some limitations especially in terms of being capable of evaluating aspects of the environment. To deal with these limitations new forms of economics are being developed and applied to ecological engineering in order to improve decision making Maxwell and Costanza 1989 H. T. Odum 1994b Van Ierland and deMan 1996 . An accounting system is needed for a variety of special issues in ecological engineering. For example it is often stated that pollution is cheaper to prevent than to clean up. This is an economic generalization that requires the capability of full accounting of costs of pollution treatment technologies costs of pollution impacts on the environment and costs of pollution cleanup which might include site remediation or even ecological restoration. Hazard evaluation with microcosms is another example. How much funding is appropriate for adequate testing of potential toxins that are to be released into the environment This decision requires costs of testing with microcosms and mesocosms vs. costs of potential environmental impacts of the toxins. In practice engineers usually become .

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