TAILIEUCHUNG - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P43

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P43:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 376 many employees may have one manager but the manager is also an employee. The relationship is implemented by the column manager_id being a foreign key to employee_id which is the table s primary key. The second relationship that may require explanation is between DEPARTMENTS and EMPLOYEES which is bidirectional. The one department-to-many employees relationship simply states that there may be many staff members in each department based on the EMPLOYEES department_id column being a foreign key to the DEPARTMENTS primary key department_id column. The one employee-to-many departments relationship shows that one employee could be the manager of several departments and is implemented by the manager_id column in DEPARTMENTS being a foreign key to the primary key employee_id column in EMPLOYEES. Table 9-1 shows the columns of each table in the HR schema using the notation described in the earlier section Data Normalization to indicate primary keys foreign keys and whether columns are optional o or mandatory . The tables are as follows REGIONS has rows for major geographical areas. COUNTRIES has rows for each country which are optionally assigned to a region. LOCATIONS includes individual addresses which are optionally assigned to a country. DEPARTMENTS has a row for each department optionally assigned to a location and optionally with a manager who must exist as an employee . EMPLOYEES has a row for every employee each of whom must be assigned to a job and optionally to a department and to a manager. The managers must themselves be employees. JOBS lists all possible jobs in the organization. It is possible for many employees to have the same job. JOB_HISTORY lists previous jobs held by employees uniquely identified by employee_id and start_date it is not possible for an employee to hold two jobs concurrently. Each job history record will refer to one employee who will have had one job at that time and may have been a .

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