TAILIEUCHUNG - Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 57

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 57. This book describes a revolution within a revolution, the opening up of the capacity of the now-familiar optical fiber to carry more messages, handle a wider variety of transmission types, and provide improved reliabilities and ease of use. In many places where fiber has been installed simply as a better form of copper, even the gigabit capacities that result have not proved adequate to keep up with the demand. The inborn human voracity for more and more bandwidth, plus the growing realization that there are other flexibilities to be had by imaginative use of the fiber, have led people. | 530 Control and Management emission limits for the safety class. The values chosen for r and r depend on the link propagation delay see Problem . Since the Class I safety standard also specifies that emission limits must be maintained during single fault conditions the open fiber control circuitry at each node is duplicated for redundancy. _ Summary Network management is essential to operate and maintain any network. Operating costs dominate equipment costs for most telecom networks making good network management imperative in ensuring the smooth operation of the network. The main functions of network management include configuration of equipment and connections in the network performance monitoring and fault management. In addition security and accounting are also management functions. Most functions of management are performed through a hierarchy of centralized management systems but certain functions such as restoration against failures or the use of defect indicators to suppress alarms are done in a distributed fashion. Several management protocols exist the main ones being TL-1 SNMP and CMIP. It is useful to break down the optical layer into three sublayers the optical channel layer which deals with individual connections or lightpaths and is end to end across the network the optical multiplex section layer which deals with multiplexed wavelengths on a point-to-point link basis and the optical transmission section layer which deals with multiplexed wavelengths and the optical supervisory channel between adjacent amplifiers. Interoperability between equipment from different vendors is a major issue facing the industry today. Initially the focus was on trying to get interoperability between vendors at the WDM level but that has been recognized now as being very complex. Today the focus is on establishing interoperability by defining standard port-side single-wavelength interfaces at regenerator or transponder locations. There is also significant work under .

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