TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 66

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 66. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 630 moral philosophy problems of any claim about the world. Subjectivists by contrast deflated ethics by treating moral and evaluative claims as mere descriptions of the emotions or preferences of speakers this is good being equivalent in meaning to I like or prefer this . Finally prescriptivists likened moral and indeed all evaluative claims to imperatives this is good or right being regarded as meaning the same as choose this sort of thing and sought to induce a certain rationality into moral discourse via a logic of imperatives. More recently meta-ethicists have focused more directly on the question whether moral and other valueclaims correspond to reality or are in any sense objective and there have been a wide variety of different and opposing responses to that question. Given the apparent widespread disagreement about ethical and other values that has existed between different societies and different epochs of the same society there is reason to wonder whether there really are any facts or truths for ethics to discover and although most ethicists ever since Socrates have tended to believe in one or another form of moral objectivity the problem remains ofjustifying such objectivity in the face of continually different forms of scepticism about its possibility. However in addition to meta-ethical questions ethics naturally leads to certain substantive non-semantical metaphysical issues and perhaps most important among these is the question of free will. If human beings lack free will then it has traditionally been argued they cannot be held responsible for their actions and cannot be bound by moral obligations any more than animals or small children are. So those who have systematically elaborated one or another view of moral right and wrong and of human good have also usually thought it necessary to defend or at least explicitly assume the existence of human freedom and that defence in the first instance has usually involved saying something about freedom in .

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