TAILIEUCHUNG - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 62

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 62. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 590 metaphor different common features between the terms of a metaphor. Metaphors are interpreted and they are interpreted differently by different readers and hearers. Consequently the idea that there can be a literal paraphrase of a metaphor which preserves its sense is no longer widely held for such a literal paraphrase would have to command common agreement as expressing what the metaphor means. A powerful metaphor like Macbeth s sleep that knits up the ravell d sleave of care invites us to j oin in an exploration ofpoints of similarity and difference. Black in a later paper speaks of metaphors as inciting the hearer and likens the process to game-playing. Since this also characterizes the understanding of similes few writers would now make a sharp distinction between metaphor and simile. Black argued that when we read a metaphor like Achilles is a lion we read it armed with a number of commonplace beliefs about lion these metaphorically applied to Achilles we draw on as we construe it. In Claudius line in Shakespeare s Hamlet When sorrows come they come not single spies but in battalions we may reflect that spies threaten and undermine carrying the fear of worse to follow battalions on the other hand embody open aggression. One interesting recent contribution in a philosophical debate that goes back to Aristotle is Donald Davidson s rejection of the idea that there is a special sort of meaning which metaphors have over and above the literal meaning. Taken literally metaphors seem nonsensical or false or only trivially true. For Davidson it is the use of metaphor which is crucial in making us aware of some likeness often surprising between apparently disparate things but without asserting that likeness. Metaphors are the growing-points of language. A cursory glance shows just how much of the language of mind is metaphorical in origin. These metaphors die of course and lose their metaphorical force though their origins may be still visible. In recent decades .

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