TAILIEUCHUNG - The Quantum Mechanics Solver 5

The Quantum Mechanics Solver 5 uniquely illustrates the application of quantum mechanical concepts to various fields of modern physics. It aims at encouraging the reader to apply quantum mechanics to research problems in fields such as molecular physics, condensed matter physics or laser physics. Advanced undergraduates and graduate students will find a rich and challenging source of material for further exploration. This book consists of a series of problems concerning present-day experimental or theoretical questions on quantum mechanics | 32 2 Atomic Clocks Fig. . Relative accuracy Aw w of a fountain atomic clock as a function of the number of atoms N sent in each pulse The GPS System The GPS system uses 24 satellites orbiting around the Earth at 20 000 km. Each of them contains an atomic clock. Each satellite sends at equal spaced time intervals an electromagnetic signal composed of a click from a clock and the indication of its position. A reception device on Earth which does not have an atomic clock detects the signals coming from several satellites. With its own quartz clock it compares the times at which different clicks arrive. . What is the minimum number of satellites that one must see at a given time in order to be able to position oneself in latitude in longitude and in altitude on the surface of the Earth . We assume that the relative accuracy of each clock is A j 10 13 and that the clocks are synchronized every 24 hours. What is the order of magnitude of the accuracy of the positioning just before the clocks undergo a new synchronization The Drift of Fundamental Constants Some cosmological models predict a small variation in time of the fine structure constant a e2 hc 1 137. In order to test such an assumption one can compare two atomic clocks one using rubidium Z 37 atoms the other cesium Z 55 atoms. In fact one can show that the hyperfine splitting of an alkali atom varies approximately as E1 - E2 ix x a2 f1 11 aZ 2 6 for aZ 2 A 1 . Solutions 33 By comparing a rubidium and a cesium clock at a one year interval no significant variation of the ratio R w Cs w Rb was observed. More precisely the relative variation JR R is smaller than the experimental uncertainty estimated to be 3 x 10 15. What upper bound can one set on the relative variation rate i al Solutions Section Hyperfine Splitting of the Ground State . The Hilbert space of the ground state is the tensor product of the electron spin space and the nucleus spin space. Its dimension d is .

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