TAILIEUCHUNG - APPLICATIONS – TRANSPORTATION

The need for electric power onboard automobiles is rapidly growing owing to an increased number of electrical components, improving safety, economy, and comfort. The most important feature in this regard is the air conditioning in the stationary phase. This feature is presently realized mostly by idling the main engine. | APPLICATIONS - TRANSPORTATION Contents Auxiliary Power Units Fuel Cells Aviation Battery Aviation Fuel Cells Buses Fuel Cells Buses ICE Battery Hybrids Electric Vehicle Batteries Electric Vehicles Fuel Cells Hybrid Electric Vehicles Overview Hybrid Electric Vehicles Batteries Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-In Hybrids Light Traction Batteries Light Traction Fuel Cells Rail Vehicles Fuel Cells Satellites Batteries Ships Fuel Cells Solar Cars Batteries Submersibles Batteries Auxiliary Power Units Fuel Cells RH Henne and KA Friedrich German Aerospace Center Stuttgart Germany 2009 Elsevier . All rights reserved. Introduction The need for electric power onboard automobiles is rapidly growing owing to an increased number of electrical components improving safety economy and comfort. The most important feature in this regard is the air conditioning in the stationary phase. This feature is presently realized mostly by idling the main engine. With the introduction of the first cars 100 years ago the main task of the generator was to supply electricity for the lights. Therefore the German expression for the generator in cars is Lichtmaschine light engine . However since then the electrical power level requirements of cars have increased by more than 500 and the battery capacity has increased by at least 200 . Usually the electricity-supplying generators are operated mechanically by means of V-belts by the main engines which are in most cases internal combustion engines ICEs . It is difficult to meet the increasing electrical power requirements by larger generators and batteries because the system efficiencies are low and the specific fuel consumption is high at the dominant operation conditions which are characterized by numerous start and stop modes and part-load operation. Therefore with the increasing fuel prices and increasing environmental concerns the traditional approach becomes unattractive. The separation of the two functions . electric power supply and traction

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