TAILIEUCHUNG - Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV { Digital)

Di®erent types of numbers ¯nd di®erent application in the physical world. Whole numbers work well for counting discrete objects, such as the number of resistors in a circuit. Integers are needed when negative equivalents of whole numbers are required. Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be exactly expressed as the ratio of two integers, and the ratio of a perfect circle's circumference to its diameter (¼) is a good physical example of this. The non-integer quantities of voltage, current, and resistance that we're used to dealing with in DC circuits can be expressed as real numbers, in either fractional or decimal form. For AC circuit analysis, | Fourth Edition, last update June 29, 2002 2 Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital By Tony R. Kuphaldt Fourth Edition, last update June 29, 2002 i °c 2000-2002, Tony R. Kuphaldt This book is published under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License. These terms and conditions allow for free copying, distribution, and/or modification of this document by the general public. The full Design Science License text is included in the last chapter. As an open and collaboratively developed text, this book is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER- CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the Design Science License for more details. PRINTING HISTORY • First Edition: Printed in June of 2000. Plain-ASCII illustrations for universal computer readability. • Second Edition: Printed in September of 2000. Illustrations reworked in standard graphic (eps and jpeg) format. Source files translated to Texinfo format for easy online and printed publication. • Third Edition: Printed in February 2001. Source files translated to SubML format. SubML is a simple markup language designed to easily convert to other markups like LATEX, HTML, or DocBook using nothing but search-and-replace substitutions. • Fourth Edition: Printed in March 2002. Additions and improvements to 3rd edition. ii Contents 1 NUMERATION SYSTEMS 1 Numbers and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Systems of numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Decimal versus binary numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Octal and hexadecimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Conversion from decimal numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 .

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