TAILIEUCHUNG - Tín hiệu trong các mạng viễn thông P2

This section presents a brief historical outline of signaling. The earliest telephone exchanges were “manual” switchboards, in which all calls were set up and taken down by operators. Signaling between subscribers and operators was limited to tivtging. To make a call, the subscriber would send a ringing signal. This alerted an operator, who would connect her telephone to the calling line, and ask for the called number. The operator then would connect her telephone to the called line, and ring the line. After answer by the called party, the operator would establish the connection. | Signaling in Telecommunication Networks. John G. van Bosse Copyright 1998 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-57377-9 Hardback 0-471-22415-4 Electronic INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALING OVERVIEW This section presents a brief historical outline of signaling. The earliest telephone exchanges were manual switchboards in which all calls were set up and taken down by operators. Signaling between subscribers and operators was limited to ringing. To make a call the subscriber would send a ringing signal. This alerted an operator who would connect her telephone to the calling line and ask for the called number. The operator then would connect her telephone to the called line and ring the line. After answer by the called party the operator would establish the connection. Signaling as we know it today started around 1890 with the invention by Almon B. Strowger a Kansas City undertaker of an automatic switchboard that could receive the called number dialed by the calling subscriber and would then automatically set up the connection. During the past 100 years signaling applications and technology have evolved in parallel with the developments in telecommunications. Early Signaling Signaling in the period from 1890 to 1976 had three main characteristics. In the first place its application was limited to plain ordinary telephone service POTS the set-up and release of connections between two subscribers. In the second place the signals were carried by the same circuit subscriber line trunk that carried the speech during the call. This type of signaling is known as channel-associated signaling CAS 1 2 . Finally signaling took place only 38 OVERVIEW 39 between a subscriber and his local exchange subscriber signaling and between the exchanges at the two ends of a trunk interexchange signaling . Initially automatic telephony was possible only for calls between subscribers served by the same exchange which required subscriber signaling only. Later on it became possible to dial calls .

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