TAILIEUCHUNG - Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 8

Under natural conditions the compartmentalization of the digestive tract of ruminants is a vital adaptation to the utilization of the biomass they select with grazing or browsing. The evolution of the reticulorumen made it possible to retain fibrous material in the rumen for long periods, and to sustain a microbial | 10 Rumen Function A. Bannink1 and S. Tamminga2 1Division of Nutrition and Food Animal Sciences Group Wageningen University Research Centre . Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands 2Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences Marijkeweg 40 6709 PG Wageningen The Netherlands Introduction Under natural conditions the compartmentalization of the digestive tract of ruminants is a vital adaptation to the utilization of the biomass they select with grazing or browsing. The evolution of the reticulorumen made it possible to retain fibrous material in the rumen for long periods and to sustain a microbial population that lives in symbiosis with the ruminant as the host. This has evolved in distinct morphological characteristics of the multiple-stomach system among ruminant species Van Soest 1994 . Differentiation among species and even breeds supports the idea that next to dietary factors rumen factors may also be important determinants of microbial activity and rumen function as a whole. As a result of microbial fermentation biomass that otherwise could not have been digested enzymatically by the host becomes degraded and is converted to digestible microbial matter volatile fatty acids VFA fermentation gases and heat. The major end-products of fermentation deliver most of the metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein to the host. This emphasizes the importance of rumen function as an essential link in the chain of feed ingestion microbial fermentation intestinal digestion and metabolic utilization. In current practice nutrient supply to the host is expressed in terms of energy and protein supply without integrating the two and without taking into account that the host requires specific nutrients rather than energy for specific purposes. Feed evaluation systems were developed to fulfil the need for rating individual dietary components on their contribution to the nutritive value of the whole diet and the need to optimize the dietary composition to

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