TAILIEUCHUNG - Constituent Structure - Part 24

Constituent Structure - Part 24 | 130 PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMARS AND X-BAR realization of the semantic relations. For example there appears to be a restriction on the animacy of arguments with both the verb kill and its nominalization killing. 61 a Sincerity killed the stone b Sincerity s killing of the stone As mentioned in section in the prevailing theoretical paradigm of the time Generative Semantics this was captured by a transformational rule of nominalization. However Chomsky 1970 noted that not all nominalizations behave as if they were transformationally related. He distinguishes between gerundive nominals . criticizing which he claims are transformationally related and derived nominals . criticism whose categories are syntactically primitive appear as such at D-structure . For example he observes among other properties that gerundive nominals can take an adverb but most derived nominals can not 62 a Marie s constantly criticizing the president was a shock. b Marie s constant ly criticism of the president was a shock. Chomsky proposed X-bar theory as an explanation for why derived nominals still express other cross-categorial generalizations such as those in 61 even though they are not transformationally related. Early controversies Emonds 1976 Jackendoff 1977 Stuurman 1984 One of the most rigorous early elaborations of X-bar theory is found in Jackendoff 1977 . The precise proposals there along with proposals in Emonds 1973 Siegal 1974 Bresnan 1976 Halitzky 1975 Hornstein 1977 and Muysken 1982 gave rise to a number of interrelated questions about the exact form of X-bar theory. At issue were the number of bar levels X X X etc. the nature of specifiers were they auxiliaries subjects determiners etc. the number of specifiers the nature of the S category is it V V or something entirely different . Newmeyer 1986 and Stuurman 1985 both have excellent summaries of the debates. Although some practitioners of LFG GPSG and HPSG still equate the S category with a projection of V the

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