TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture AP Biology - Chapter 46: Animal reproduction

After studying this chapter you will be able to: Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction; explain how hermaphroditism may be advantageous to animals that have difficulty encountering a member of the opposite sex; describe various ways in which animals may protect developing embryos; using diagrams, identify and state the function of each component of the male and female reproductive systems. | Ch. 46 Warm-Up What is the advantage of sex vs. asex(ual) reproduction? List at least 3 different modes of asexual reproduction. What are the 2 types of human gametes? Where is each produced? Define and give an example of parthenogenesis. Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction What you must know: The hormonal control of the menstrual cycle How oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ Types of Reproduction Asexual Clone Advantage: FAST, if env. is stable Fission: parent separates into 2+ individuals of same size Budding: outgrowths from parent (eg. cnidarians, tunicates) Fragmentation: breaking of body into pieces, form into adults by regeneration (eg. sea stars, sponges, cnidarians) Parthenogenesis: female produces eggs that develop w/o fertilization (eg. male bees – haploid) Sexual Genetic diversity Advantage: ability to change pop. when env. changes Fusion of haploid gametes Egg (Ovum) + Sperm Zygote Fission - Sea Anemone Sexual Reproduction – Frogs (External fertilization) Reproductive Cycles and Patterns Ovulation: release of mature eggs Young produced when survival is most likely Hormonal changes influenced by day length, season temp, rainfall or lunar cycles Hermaphroditism: both M/F systems Sessile/burrowing animals - barnacles, parasites (tapeworms), earthworms Sex reversal: sex change during its lifetime Bluehead wrasse (reef fish) Sex reversal in a sequential hermaphrodite. Wrasses (reef fish) born female, but oldest, largest individuals complete their lives as males. Parthenogenesis in female Blacktip Shark: egg fuses with a polar body Fertilization = sperm + egg External Fertilization Egg shed by female, fert. by male in water Environmental cues / courtship behavior Large # gametes low survival Eg. fish, amphibians Internal Fertilization Sperm deposited in female reprod. tract Cooperative behavior Dry environment Fewer gametes, fewer zygotes greater survival External Devel. Tough eggshell Eg. reptiles, birds, platypus Internal Devel. High parental care Eg. .

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