TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture AP Biology - Chapter 4: Carbon and the molecular diversity of life

Chapter 4 - Carbon and the molecular diversity of life. This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in Chapters 2 and 3 and extends the descriptions and analysis to more detailed consideration of the carbon atom. | Warm-Up (Ch. 3 Review) Which of the following is a hydrophobic material: paper, table salt, wax, sugar, or pasta? What kind of bonds are broken when water vaporizes? If the pH of a lake is , what is the hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of the lake? What is the hydroxide [OH-] concentration? Chapter 4 Warm-Up Pick up a copy of the “Functional Groups” chart on the back counter. Use pages 64-65 to fill it out. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life You Must Know The properties of carbon that make it so important. I. Importance of Carbon Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds Organic compounds: contain Carbon (& H) Major elements of life: CHNOPS Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules II. Diversity of Carbon It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalence) It can form up to 4 covalent bonds Most frequent bonding partners: H, O, N II. Diversity of Carbon Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. II. Diversity of Carbon Carbon can form large molecules 4 classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids II. Diversity of Carbon Molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched II. Diversity of Carbon Forms isomers Molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom arrangement different structures different properties/functions Structural Isomer Cis-Trans Isomer Enantiomers Varies in covalent arrangement Differ in spatial arrangement Mirror images of molecules Drug manufacturing: Thalidomide = “good” enantiomer reduce morning sickness “bad” enantiomer cause birth defects “good” converts to “bad” in patient’s body Now used to treat cancers, leprosy, HIV Fig. The pharmacological importance of enantiomers III. Functional Groups Behavior of organic molecules depends on functional groups Most common functional groups: Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl Functional Groups Functional Group Molecular Formula Names & Characteristics Draw

• Sinh học
• Lecture AP Biology
• Systems biology
• Biological sciences
• Biological organization
• Importance of carbon
• Diversity of carbon
• Conservation biology
• Global change
• Levels of biological organization
• Elements of life
• Atomic structure
• Hydrogen bonding
• Water’s properties
• Nucleic acids
• Large biological molecules
• Cell theory
• Cellular function
• Membrane structure
• Membrane function
• Anabolic pathways
• Law of thermodynamics
• Cellular respiration
• Chemical energy
• Calvin cycle
• Light reactions
• Cell communication
• Cell signaling
• Cell cycle
• Cell division
• Sexual life cycles
• Inheritance of genes
• Mendelian genetics
• Mendel’s experimental
• Chromosomal basis of inheritance
• Human development
• Molecular basis
• Structure of DNA
• Genetic information
• Gene expression
• Genetics of viruses
• Metabolic pathways
• Viral reproduction
• Lysogenic reproductive cycles
• Recombinant DNA technology
• Restriction enzymes
• Genome sequencing
• Gene density
• Darwinian view of life
• Evolutionary theory
• Evidence for evolution
• Convergent evolution
• Evolution of populations
• Natural selection