TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Organic chemistry as - A second language (3th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Organic chemistry as - A second language" has contents: Substitution reactions, elimination reactions, addition reactions, alcohols, synthesis, retrosynthetic analysis, Predicting solubility of alcohols,.and other contents. | CHAPTER 9 SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS In the last chapter we saw the importance of understanding mechanisms. We said that mechanisms are the keys to understanding everything else. In this chapter, we will see a very special case of this. Students often have difficulty with substitution reactions—specifically, being able to predict whether a reaction is an SN2 or an SN1. These are different types of substitution reactions and their mechanisms are very different from each other. By focusing on the differences in their mechanisms, we can understand why we get SN2 in some cases and SN1 in other cases. Four factors are used to determine which reaction takes place. These four factors make perfect sense when we understand the mechanisms. So, it makes sense to start off with the mechanisms. THE MECHANISMS Ninety-five percent of the reactions that we see in organic chemistry occur between a nucleophile and an electrophile. A nucleophile is a compound that either is negatively charged or has a region of high electron density (like a lone pair or a double bond). An electrophile is a compound that either is positively charged or has a region of low electron density. When a nucleophile encounters an electrophile, a reaction can occur. In both SN2 and SN1 reactions, a nucleophile is attacking an electrophile, giving a substitution reaction. That explains the SN part of the name. But what do the “1” and “2” stand for? To see this, we need to look at the mechanisms. Let’s start with SN2: R1 Nuc H R2 LG - LG H Nuc R1 R2 On the left, we see a nucleophile. It is attacking a compound that has an electrophilic carbon atom that is attached to a leaving group (LG). A leaving group is any group that can be expelled (we will see examples of this very soon). The leaving group serves two important functions: 1) it withdraws electron density from the carbon atom to which it is attached, rendering the carbon atom electrophilic, and 2) it is capable of stabilizing the negative charge .

• Hoá học
• Organic chemistry as
• A second language
• Substitution reactions
• Elimination reactions
• Addition reactions
• Retrosynthetic analysis
• In this workbook
• experiments are elaborated using small scale glassware and equipments from a Small Lab Kit
• developed at the Department of Chemistry
• Faculty of Science
• Chulalongkorn University in Thailand
• This Small Lab Kit was created as a result of the research project entitled “Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” sponsored by Thai Research Fund (RDG 3 07 2543)
• One of the outcomes of this project is the organic laboratory book entitled “Organic Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” written in Thai by professors from 7 universities in this project
• They compiled
• adjusted and tested the experiments taken from several traditional organic chemistry laboratory books using the prototype of Small Lab Kit
• Currently
• some selected experiments from this Thai organic chemistry laboratory text have further been modified
• rewritten and edited in English as appeared in this workbook
• Some experiments ar
• Ebook Organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry
• Nucleophilic substitution
• Determining organic structures
• nucleophilic addition
• Organic structures
• Electrophilic aromatic substitution
• Principles of organic chemistry
• Methods of organic chemistry
• The methane series
• The acetylene series
• Polybasic acids
• High school
• University entrance exam
• Teaching organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry exam question
• Interdisciplinary science
• Advanced practical organic chemistry
• Functional groups
• Organic synthesis reagents
• The structure
• Reactions of organic names
• Fundamentals of organic chemistry
• Carbonyl alpha substitution reactions
• Condensation reactions
• Structure determination
• The organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry principles in context
• Starch to the principles
• The structures of organic molecules
• Mass spectrometers
• Infrared spectrometers
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers
• Modern physical organic chemistry
• Strain and stability
• Covalent binding forces
• Electronic organic materials
• Thermal pericyclic reactions
• The study of organic chemistry
• Stereochemistry and resonance
• Identification of organic compounds
• Electrophilic addition reactions
• Electron delocalization
• Organic compounds
• Cyclic hydrocarbons
• Aromatic alcohols
• Aromatic compounds containing
• Inorganic chemistry
• A guidebook to mechanism in organic chemistry
• Aromatic systems
• Linear free energy relationships
• Symmetry controlled reactions
• Fatty acid catabolism
• The chemistry of the carbonyl group
• The industrial road toward increasing efficiency
• Lecture Organic chemistry
• Hóa học hữu cơ
• Bài giảng Hóa học hữu cơ
• Chemistry of benzene
• Derivatives of benzene
• Summary of Organic Chemistry Dotoral Thesis
• Organic Chemistry Dotoral Thesis
• Natural Products Chemistry
• Biological evaluation
• Chemistry of natural compounds
• Ideas in chemistry
• Molecular sciences
• Synthetic chemistry
• Innovative processes in organic chemistry
• Predictive tools
• Organic chemical reactions
• Electronic Structure
• Electronic configurations of atoms
• Electronic configurations
• Wave properties of electrons
• Wave interactions
• Stereochemistry of alkanes
• Alkane conformations
• Chemical reactions
• Chlorination of Methane
• Chiral carbons
• Nonmobile conformers
• Alkyl Halides