TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 22 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 21 - Descent with modification: A Darwinian view of life. This chapter describe the contributions to evolutionary theory made by Linnaeus, Cuvier, Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus, and Wallace; describe Lamarck’s theories, and explain why they have been rejected; explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification”; explain Darwin’s observations and inferences; explain why an individual organism cannot evolve; describe evidence for evolution by natural selection. | Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species which focused biologists’ attention on the great diversity of organisms. Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species. Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase: descent with modification. Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process. Intellectuals / Ideas in Darwin’s Era American Revolution French Revolution . Civil War 1900 1850 1800 1750 1795 1809 1798 1830 1831–1836 1837 1859 1837 1844 1858 The Origin of Species is published. Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin. Darwin begins his notebooks. Darwin writes essay on descent with modification. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. Linnaeus (classification) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Malthus (population limits) Lamarck (species can change) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Wallace (evolution, natural selection) Figure The historical context of Darwin’s life and ideas Carolus Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms. Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier. The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas. Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata. Scientisits Fossils Younger stratum with more recent fossils Layers of deposited sediment Older stratum with older fossils Figure Formation of sedimentary strata with fossils Lamarck: Use & Disuse Darwin: Natural Selection . Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve

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