TAILIEUCHUNG - ETHANOL BENCHMARKING AND BEST PRACTICES

The definition of research priorities for the European food sector will necessarily focus on the single stages of the food chain, from raw material production through post harvesting, processing, post-processing, and distribution to the end consumer. Therefore it’s essential to have at the beginning an idea of the current state of the art of the sector and the main developments along the food chain at the moment. During the next 10 years, the European food sector will continue its since long ongoing structural transition. The traditional situation, with local demand being met by independent farmers and food processors in the neighbourhood, has been replaced by a global market. | MINNESOTA TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ETHANOL BENCHMARKING AND BEST PRACTICES THE PRODUCTION PROCESS AND POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT Ethanol Benchmarking and Best Practices March 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYM PLANT ETHANOL PROCESS DESCRIPTION .6 Table 1 Energy Consumption by Process .6 Figure 1 Process Thermal and Electrical Energy Use .7 The production process is described as follows .8 Grain Handling .8 Starch Conversion .8 Fermentation .8 Distillation .9 Dehydration .9 Storage and Separation .10 Drying .10 Plant Diagram 1 Proposed Water Balance for Highwater Ethanol Facility .11 Diagram 2 A Schematic of a Typical Dry ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH ETHANOL Water Air Figure 2 Relative Criteria Pollutant Energy Thermal Energy .15 Electricity Use .15 Table 2 Approximate Energy Costs for State of the Art 40 MGY Water Use . 16 Diagram 3 Minnesota Ethanol facilities and Corresponding Areas Where Ground Water Supplies are Lmited . 16 BENCHMARKS AND BEST PRACTICES .17 INTRODUCTION .17 Water Table 3 Examples of the Variability in TDS levels in Water Table 4 Trends in Monitoring Requirements based on Permit Expiration Date 5 years after issuance .19 Table 5 Wastewater Discharge Best practices related to water quality include the following .20 Water Resource .20 On-site Retention of Segregation of Non-Contact and Process Waters .21 Zero Discharge of Process Water .21 Zero Liquid Discharge Technology .21 Use of Low or No- Phosphorus Water Treatment Chemicals .21 Air QuAlity. 21 Figure 3 VOC Emission Factor .22 Table 6 Energy Benchmarks for Dry Mill Ethanol Facilities. 22 Figure 4 Thermal Energy Use Index. 23 Figure 5 Renewable vs. Fossil Thermal Energy Use Index .23 Figure 6 Electrical Energy Use Index .24 Best practices related to Energy include the following .24 Heat .

• Sinh học
• Progesterone Resistance
• Resistance and Targeting
• Progesterone Receptors
• Therapeutic Approach
• Approach to Endometriosis
• Endometriosis
• Involvement
• Prostaglandins
• Pathophysiology of Endometriosis