TAILIEUCHUNG - Economic Inequality and Political Representation

While the effects of public transportation investment can be of significant interest, longer-term travel benefits are a fundamental justification for public transportation investment that can ultimately lead to greater and more lasting impacts on an area’s economy. Direct benefits for travelers fall into four core categories: (1) travel time savings, (2) travel cost savings, (3) reliability improvements and (4) safety improvements. All three types of benefits can provide monetary savings for both public transportation passengers and for travelers who continue to use other transportation modes. . | Economic Inequality and Political Representation Larry M. Bartels Department of Politics and Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University bartels@ Revised - August 2005 I examine the differential responsiveness of . senators to the preferences of wealthy middleclass and poor constituents. My analysis includes broad summary measures of senators voting behavior as well as specific votes on the minimum wage civil rights government spending and abortion. In almost every instance senators appear to be considerably more responsive to the opinions of affluent constituents than to the opinions of middle-class constituents while the opinions of constituents in the bottom third of the income distribution have no apparent statistical effect on their senators roll call votes. Disparities in representation are especially pronounced for Republican senators who were more than twice as responsive as Democratic senators to the ideological views of affluent constituents. These income-based disparities in representation appear to be unrelated to disparities in turnout and political knowledge and only weakly related to disparities in the extent of constituents contact with senators and their staffs. Economic Inequality and Political Representation 1 One of the most basic principles of democracy is the notion that every citizen s preferences should count equally in the realm of politics and government. As Robert Dahl 1971 1 put it a key characteristic of a democracy is the continued responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens considered as political equals. But there are a variety of good reasons to believe that citizens are not considered as political equals by policy-makers in real political systems. Wealthier and better-educated citizens are more likely than the poor and less-educated to have well-formulated and well-informed preferences significantly more likely to turn out to vote much more likely to have .

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