TAILIEUCHUNG - Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 79

Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 79 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the . Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 728 Metals and metallurgy Global Resources Metals and metallurgy Categories Mineral and other nonliving resources obtaining and using resources Enormous amounts of mineral resources are mined each year to supply society s requirements for metals. In addition large amounts of carbon oxygen and electricity are consumed in the various metallurgical processes by which the raw materials are converted for use. Background Although the term metal is difficult to define absolutely there are two working definitions that include almost three-quarters of the elements of the periodic table classified as metals. Chemically metals are those elements that usually form positive ions in solutions or in compounds and whose oxides form basic water solutions. Physically metals contain free electrons that impart properties such as metallic luster and thermal and electrical conductivity. In the periodic table all the elements found in Groups IA and IIA and in the B groups are metals. In addition Groups IIIA IVA except carbon VA except nitrogen and phosphorus and VIA except oxygen and sulfur are classified as metals. All the metals are lustrous and with the exception of mercur y are solids at normal temperatures. Boron IIIA silicon and germanium IVA arsenic and antimony VA selenium and tellurium VIA and astatine VIIA show metallic behavior in some of their compounds and are known as metalloids. The bonding in metals explains many of their physical characteristics. The simplest model describes a metal as fixed positive ions the nucleus and completed inner shells of electrons in a sea of mobile valence electrons. The ions are held in place by the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the negative electrons which are delocalized over the whole cr ystal. Because of this electron mobility metals are good conductors of electricity and thermal energy. This electron sea also shields neighboring layers of positive ions as they move past one another. Therefore most metals are .

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