TAILIEUCHUNG - Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 136

Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 136 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the . Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 1256 Underground mining Global Resources large enough to transport personnel equipment and raw mined product. A raise the opposite of a shaft is driven upward from the mineral deposit. Raises are driven only in special situations because they require specialized machinery that can be operated in the confines of an underground mine. A slope is an opening driven into the mineral deposit at an angle. Slopes can be used for transport and often contain a conveyor belt which can be reversed to allow haulage into and out of the mine. A drift mine is the least expensive type because the drift is a nearhorizontal opening driven into the mineral deposit. If a mineral deposit reaches the surface outcrop the driven drift removes the mineral from the outset of mining. Such a configuration is desirable but not often found in mineral exploration. Room and Pillar The types of underground mining methods are as numerous as the special situations that may be encountered. Most methods however are highly mechanized and assume the general classification of room and pillar stope and pillar shrinkage stoping and sublevel caving. Room and pillar mining provides the familiar checkerboard pattern often associated with underground mining in which pillars provide roof support. This method is used in obtaining relatively flat-lying tabular and thin mineral deposits such as coal and certain evaporates such as potash and trona. The pillars are designed to optimize the percentage of coal extracted without endangering the mine to premature roof failures. The extraction rate can vary from 25 percent to 65 percent of the coal in place. Two basic forms of room and pillar mining are called conventional and continuous mining. Conventional mining refers to the use of mobile equipment arranged to complete a cycle of cutting the coal drilling and blasting with explosives loading hauling and roof support. At least five working places are required for smooth operations. Although conventional room and pillar

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