TAILIEUCHUNG - Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 12

Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 12 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the . Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 80 Atmosphere Global Resources gon far more abundant in Earth s atmosphere than any of the other noble inert gases is a by-product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium. Helium is also mainly a by-product of radioactive decay. Vertical Structure The atmosphere has a well-defined lower boundar y but extends indefinitely away from the Earth at 30 000 kilometers molecules are no longer effectively held in orbit by gravity. The atmosphere can be thought of as a series of layers. However the layering is far subtler than what may be found in for example a geologic formation. The most common method of demarcating layers is to examine the average change of temperature as a function of elevation. Earth s surface warmed by the absorption of solar radiation conducts heat into the lowest portion of the atmosphere. This lowest layer known as the troposphere extends to about 10 kilometers above the surface and is characterized by temperatures that decrease with height. Virtually all the phenomena that are commonly referred to as weather occur in the troposphere. The average density of air at sea level is about kilograms per cubic meter. Because air is a compressible fluid air density decreases logarithmically with height. Half the mass of the atmosphere lies below about kilometers. Approximately 80 percent of the atmosphere s mass is found in the troposphere. Between 10 and 50 kilometers temperatures increase with increasing altitude in the layer known as the stratosphere. The warming of air in this layer is accounted for by the heat released as ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet wavelengths of solar radiation. Ozone concentration is at a maximum in this layer. Historically it was thought that there was little exchange of air between the troposphere and stratosphere except during volcanic and atomic explosions because temperature profiles such as that found in the stratosphere typically suppress mixing. However the occurrence of human-made .

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