TAILIEUCHUNG - Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system

There was complete agreement among two independent raters in classifying 327 reproductive messages out of a total of 362 references taken from a representative sample of the opera and art songs, which represents an inter-rater agreement of over 90%. Figure 4 depicts the results. A t-test failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the number of reproductive categories between the opera and art songs, t(104) = .6098, p = .5433. While the frequency of some of the themes differ, these findings clearly show that the same reproductive categories derived from the content analysis of our initial. | Tsuruta et al. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2012 10 7 http content 10 1 7 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH Open Access Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive power frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system ssrsìssss Tel in leMPni I Ạ m x tr io3 Asstorirsss CAIIir ir j3 Ct CV Dam 1 2 A QtrdicLdr4 Janes K Tsuruta rdui A Dayton Caterina M Gallippi Miciiael G O Rand Miciiael A Streicker Ryan C Gessner3 Thomas S Gregory3 6 Erick JR Silva1 2 Katherine G Hanil1 2 Glenda J Moser4 and David C Sokal5 Abstract Background Studies published in the 1970s by Mostafa S. Fahin and colleagues showed that a short treatment with ultrasound caused the depletion of gern cells and infertility. The goal of the current study was to determine if a connercially available therapeutic ultrasound generator and transducer could be used as the basis for a nale contraceptive. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and their testes were treated with 1 MHz or 3 MHz ultrasound while varying power duration and temperature of treatment. Results We found that 3 MHz ultrasound delivered with Watt per square cm power for fifteen minutes was necessary to deplete spermatocytes and spermatids from the testis and that this treatment significantly reduced epididymal sperm reserves. 3 MHz ultrasound treatment reduced total epididymal sperm count 10-fold lower than the wet-heat control and decreased motile sperm counts 1 000-fold lower than wet-heat alone. The current treatment regimen provided nominally more energy to the treatment chamber than Fahim s originally reported conditions of 1 MHz ultrasound delivered at 1 Watt per square cm for ten minutes. However the true spatial average intensity effective radiating area and power output of the transducers used by Fahim were not reported making a direct comparison impossible. We found that .

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