TAILIEUCHUNG - Avian female reproductive system

Access to ART is limited by cost and by discriminatory policies. Almost all ART is expensive and therefore only accessible to people who can afford it. No states’ public benefits programs cover IVF. Some states require private insurers to cover ART, though this only applies to individuals who have a medical diagnosis of infertility (see footnote 4). Twelve states are mandated to cover, 7 and 2 states are mandated to offer 8 coverage. Specifics on coverage depend on the state. Some states exempt HMOs or companies with few employees. Other states offer lifetime limits to their coverage (Arkansas, $15,000) or limits. | COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE . UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE LEXINGTON KY 40546 AFS- Him. u N 1 V E R s 1 T Y or Avian female reproductive system College of Agriculture Jacquie Jacob Tony Pescatore and Austin Cantor Anyone raising chickens for eggs whether for eating or for incubation should have an understanding of the female avian reproductive system so that they are better able to understand any problems that may occur and how to correct them. The avian reproductive system is VERY different from that of mammals. Nature has designed it to better suit the risks associated with being a bird. Unless you are a bird of prey like a hawk eagle or falcon you are faced with Figure 1. Model showing the internal organs of the female chicken the fact that everyone is trying to eat you Being close to the bottom of the food chain requires the development of unique strategies for feeding and reproducing all while retaining the ability to fly. The reproductive strategy of most mammals especially primates such as chimpanzees apes and gorillas is to produce only a few offspring and devote a considerable amount of time to caring for them. Once they are full grown and ready to take care of themselves the parent s job is complete. Birds with some exceptions of course have developed a strategy where they produce multiple offspring and tend to their needs for only a short period of time before tossing them into the wind sometimes literally as well as figuratively speaking. The amount of time they devote to caring for their offspring depends on whether they are precocial or altricial with the latter requiring more post-hatch parental care. Precocial birds are well developed when hatched and are able to get up and walk around on their own very quickly. This includes most of the domestic poultry species - chickens ducks turkeys etc. The exception is pigeons. Altricial birds are still underdeveloped when they hatch and require a considerable amount of parental care before

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