TAILIEUCHUNG - Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution

Although the main consideration of policy must be the reduction in pollution at source, there has been an increasing recognition that the biosphere is an important sink for many pollutants, with plant canopies being considered more effective than other land uses. Thus, the biosphere provides benefits additional to those associated directly with their aesthetic and wildlife characteristics. Plants facilitate the uptake, transport and assimilation or decomposition of many gaseous and particulate pollutants. Indeed, the layered canopy structure of trees, which has evolved to maximise photosynthesis and the uptake of carbon dioxide, provides a surface area of between 2 and 12 times greater than the land. | REVIEW clinicalpractice cardio Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution Nicholas L Mills Ken Donaldson Paddy W Hadoke Nicholas A Boon William MacNee Flemming R Cassee Thomas Sandstrom Anders Blomberg and David E Newby SUMMARY Air pollution is increasingly recognized as an important and modifiable determinant of cardiovascular disease in urban communities. Acute exposure has been linked to a range of adverse cardiovascular events including hospital admissions with angina myocardial infarction and heart failure. Long-term exposure increases an individual s lifetime risk of death from coronary heart disease. The main arbiter of these adverse health effects seems to be combustion-derived nanoparticles that incorporate reactive organic and transition metal components. Inhalation of this particulate matter leads to pulmonary inflammation with secondary systemic effects or after translocation from the lung into the circulation to direct toxic cardiovascular effects. Through the induction of cellular oxidative stress and proinflammatory pathways particulate matter augments the development and progression of atherosclerosis via detrimental effects on platelets vascular tissue and the myocardium. These effects seem to underpin the atherothrombotic consequences of acute and chronic exposure to air pollution. An increased understanding of the mediators and mechanisms of these processes is necessary if we are to develop strategies to protect individuals at risk and reduce the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease. KEYWORDS air pollution atherothrombosis endothelium inflammation risk REVIEW CRITERIA The PubMed search terms used to identify relevant references for this Review on the cardiovascular effects of exposure to air pollution included the following air pollution particulate matter atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. Medscape Continuing Medical Education online Medscape LLC is pleased to provide online continuing medical education CME

• Môi trường
• Intimate Relationship
• Stomatal Responses
• Stress and Air Humidity
• Genetics and Adaptation
• Plant Genes
• Abiotic Stress
• Abiotic Stres