TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of algorithms for physical design automation part 71

Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 71 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 682 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation HF 14F HF FIGURE Aggressor driver model. 1. A small signal analysis of the gate can be performed wherein a small noise voltage is applied at the output over a 0 or Vdd bias as appropriate for the output state and the output current is measured. The ratio of the output current to the applied noise voltage then characterizes the holding resistance. Note that a conservative larger holding resistance value is obtained when the output is biased to the maximum expected noise level. 2. The holding resistance of the driver gate can be computed from the channel resistances of individual transistors by traversing all the conducting paths in the gate from output node to Vdd ground 12 . As the transistors in the conducting paths will be in the linear operating region the transistor channel resistance in the linear region may be precharacterized as a function of transistor width. For a conservative analysis the inputs of the gate must be asserted so as to obtain the maximum holding resistance. Switching Victim Driver Model for Delay Noise A switching event on the victim affects the load seen by the aggressors and vice versa. The change in aggressor s effective loading owing to victim s switching has only secondary effects on the noise induced on the victim effected through the change in aggressor s output slew and so can be ignored. For this reason the aggressor driver model discussed before is created with no special consideration of the victim s switching. However a driver model created thus cannot be used for a switching victim without incurring significant error because the nonlinearity error is severe in the victim driver case. The change in effective loading of victim owing to aggressors switching and its impact on victim s delay is significant. One way to compensate this error is to adjust the Thevenin resistance of the driver model to a larger resistance called the transient holding resistance Rtt .

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