TAILIEUCHUNG - SOLAR VARIABILITY AND PLANETARY CLIMATES

With a global average irradiance of 342 W/m2, the Sun is by far the largest source of energy for planet Earth. In comparison, the internal energy produced by Earth itself is only about W/m2 (Pollack et al., 1993), which in turn is times larger than the W/m2 of heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels. About 31% (31 units) of the solar energy which arrives at the top of the atmosphere is reflected back to space by scattering from clouds, aerosols, and the Earth’s surface. Almost 20 units of solar radiation are absorbed in the atmosphere | Cop ữrrtPđ MMerUi SPACE SCIENCES SERIES OF ISSI Solar Variability and Planetary Climates Y. Caliscsi. . Bonnet. L. Gray J. Langen and M. Lockwood Eds. Springer Ccp-jT hted Mr SOLAR VARIABILITY AND PLANETARY CLIMATES Springer W1 international SCIENCE H INSTITUTE Space Sciences Series of ISSI Space Sciences Series of ISSI Volume 23 The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law. It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency the Swiss Confederation the Swiss National Science Foundation and the University of Bern. For more information see the homepage at http .

• Vật lý
• Assessing Solar
• Solar Irradiance
• Heliospheric Modulation
• Release Budgets
• Possible Influence
• Cosmic Rays
• The reduction of solar heat on window surface shaded
• Continuous vertically slanted shading devices
• Sun shading device
• Vertically slanted shading device
• Software program for vertically slanted shading device
• Global temperature
• Total solar irradiance
• Volcanic activity
• Long term global temperature variations
• Astroparticle nuclear physics
• Galactic cosmic rays
• Solar activity
• Ultra low frequency power spectra
• Cosmic ray intensitiesc
• Solar modulation
• Solar cycles
• The long term variability
• Cosmic ray protons
• Quark Gluon
• Plasma Signals
• Hadronic Matter
• Ions Collisions
• Relativistic Heavy
• Radiation measurements
• Exposure to radiation
• Scientific balloon flight
• Precipitating particles
• Stratosphere and troposphere
• Radiation Environments
• Current Guidance
• Radiation Limits
• Hereditary Effects
• Space Radiation
• Merger Rates
• Impact Parameters
• Angular Momenta
• Cluster Cores
• Relativistic Particles
• Nonthermal Emission