TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 113. Introduction to Infectious Diseases: Host–Pathogen Interactions (Part 4)

The Immune Response Innate Immunity As they have co-evolved with microbes, higher organisms have developed mechanisms for recognizing and responding to microorganisms. Many of these mechanisms, referred to together as innate immunity, are evolutionarily ancient, having been conserved from insects to humans. In general, innate immune mechanisms exploit molecular patterns found specifically in pathogenic microorganisms. These "pathogen signatures" are recognized by host molecules that either directly interfere with the pathogen or initiate a response that does so. Innate immunity serves to protect the host without prior exposure to an infectious agent—., before specific or adaptive immunity has had a chance. | Chapter 113. Introduction to Infectious Diseases Host-Pathogen Interactions Part 4 The Immune Response Innate Immunity As they have co-evolved with microbes higher organisms have developed mechanisms for recognizing and responding to microorganisms. Many of these mechanisms referred to together as innate immunity are evolutionarily ancient having been conserved from insects to humans. In general innate immune mechanisms exploit molecular patterns found specifically in pathogenic microorganisms. These pathogen signatures are recognized by host molecules that either directly interfere with the pathogen or initiate a response that does so. Innate immunity serves to protect the host without prior exposure to an infectious agent . before specific or adaptive immunity has had a chance to develop. Innate immunity also functions as a warning system that activates components of adaptive immunity early in the course of infection. Toll-like receptors TLRs are instructive in illustrating how organisms are detected and send signals to the immune system. There are at least 11 TLRs each specific to different biologic classes of molecules. For example even minuscule amounts of lipopolysaccharide LPS a molecule found uniquely in gram-negative bacteria are detected by LPS-binding protein CD14 and TLR4 see Fig. 114-3 . The interaction of LPS with these components of the innate immune system prompts macrophages via the transcriptional activator nuclear factor kB NF-kB to produce cytokines that lead to inflammation and enzymes that enhance the clearance of microbes. These initial responses serve not only to limit infection but also to initiate specific or adaptive immune responses. Adaptive Immunity Once in contact with the host immune system the microorganism faces the host s tightly integrated cellular and humoral immune responses. Cellular immunity Chap. 308 comprising T lymphocytes macrophages and natural killer cells primarily recognizes and combats pathogens that proliferate .

• Y học thường thức
• Infectious Diseases
• Host Pathogen Interactions
• bệnh học và điều trị
• bài giảng bệnh học
• tài liệu học ngành y
• Harrisons Internal Medicine
• Report of the committee on infectious diseases
• Special circumstances
• Summaries of infectious diseases
• Passive immunization
• Antimicrobial agents
• Related therapy
• Antimicrobial prophylaxis
• Receptors and Infectious
• Survival and Pathogenesis
• combat diseases
• dreadful infectious diseases
• biologists
• One health
• Emerging infectious diseases
• H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Indonesia
• Retrospective considerations
• Environment interfaces
• Disease prevalence
• Desi birds
• Retrospective study
• Prevalence of infectious diseases
• Infectious diseases in Desi fowls
• Pediatric infectious diseases
• Molecular determinants
• Microbial pathogenesis
• Impaired immunologic responses
• The human microbiome
• Radiology of infectious diseases
• Neonatal tetanus
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Paratyphoid fever
• Parasitic infections
• Goldmans cecil medicine
• Metabolic diseases
• Endocrine diseases
• Nutritional diseases
• Diseases of allergy
• Skin diseases
• Medical consultation
• Pathology of infectious diseases
• Principles of infectious disease pathology
• Herpes virus infections
• Viral hepatitis
• Human papillomavirus
• Respiratory virus infections
• Harrison’s infectious diseases
• Immunization principles
• Health recommendations
• Infectious arthritis
• Microbial bioterrorism
• Division of labor
• Functional differentiation
• Infectious disease
• Ambiguity of genes
• Infectious diseases associated
• Bone and joint imaging
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• Diseases of soft tissue and muscle
• Congenital diseases
• Musculoskeletal Diseases
• Pulmonary Diseases
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• Critical Care
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• Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases
• Bacterial Food Poisoning