TAILIEUCHUNG - Understanding Drugs and Behaviour phần 8

đến nay ít phổ biến hơn là các hình thức khác của chứng ảo giác giác xúc giác, thị giác, khứu giác hay vị giác. Ảo tưởng của cuộc đàn áp của bạn bè, đồng nghiệp, hàng xóm, cảnh sát, người lạ, chính phủ hoặc các tổ chức khác; ảo tưởng vĩ đại, niềm tin rằng bạn là một người nổi tiếng, | 224 Part IV Final Overview disentangle the complex psychophysiological and neurocognitive changes that underlie its usage. Indeed the behavioural effects of nicotine are surprisingly ephemeral such that smokers are often hard-pressed to describe the reasons for their tobacco cravings. Nevertheless nicotine is extremely addictive with most regular cigarette smokers needing to maintain a steady intake of nicotine over the day. But unlike the drive for many other drugs the sole purpose of smoking seems to be the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms. The paradox of cigarettes is that smokers only need them to try and remain feeling normal Furthermore the repeated daily experience of these negative withdrawal symptoms means that nicotine dependency actually causes increased stress and depression. Adolescents who take up cigarette smoking become more stressed although those adults who quit gradually become less stressed. The adverse health effects of tar and carbon monoxide on the health of smokers are well known with tobacco smoke directly killing the majority of smokers. The adverse psychological effects of nicotine dependency are less well known and need to be far more widely recognised. Chapter 6 dealt with the prototypical psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide LSD and the artificial amphetamine derivative MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy. LSD intensifies sensory input so that colours become more intense movements and motions alter in unpredictable ways and thoughts and cognitions take deeper apparent meanings. The neurochemical mechanisms for these profound perceptual and cognitive distortions are not well understood but probably stem from serotonergic and noradrenergic changes. As with all other psychoactive chemicals the drug can only modulate the normal functioning of the brain. Hence whether LSD induces a good or bad trip will depend on factors such as prior experience psychosocial setting prevailing moods and cognitive expectancies. In some .

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