TAILIEUCHUNG - Basic Theoretical Physics: A Concise Overview P10

Basic Theoretical Physics: A Concise Overview P10. This concise treatment embraces, in four parts, all the main aspects of theoretical physics (I . Mechanics and Basic Relativity, II. Electrodynamics and Aspects of Optics, III. Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics, IV. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics). It summarizes the material that every graduate student, physicist working in industry, or physics teacher should master during his or her degree course. It thus serves both as an excellent revision and preparation tool, and as a convenient reference source, covering the whole of theoretical physics. It may also be successfully employed to deepen its readers’ insight and. | 12 Remarks on Non-integrable Systems Chaos Systems for which the number of independent conserved quantities agrees with the number f of degrees of freedom are termed integrable. They are quasi especially simple and set the standards in many respects. If one fixes the values of the independent conserved quantities then in 27dimensional phase-space with the canonical phase-space variables p1 . pf and q1 . qf one generates an f-dimensional hypersurface which for f 2 has the topology of a torus. However it is obvious that most systems are non-integrable since generically the number of degrees of freedom is larger than the number of conservation theorems. This applies . to so-called three-body problems and it would also apply to the asymmetric heavy top as mentioned above or to the double pendulum. It is no coincidence that in the usual textbooks1 little attention is paid to non-integrable systems because they involve complicated relations which require more mathematics than can be assumed on a more or less elementary Linear systems are as we have seen above always simple at least in principle. In contrast for non-linear non-integrable systems chaotic behavior occurs. In most cases this behavior is qualitatively typical and can often be understood from simple examples or so-called scenarios. One of these scenarios concerns the so-called sensitive dependence on the initial conditions . as follows. Consider a non-linear system of differential equations f t X 0 where X0 are the initial values of X t for t t0. We then ask whether the orbits X t of this non-linear dynamical system depend continuously on the initial values in the limit t to or we ask how long the orbits remain in an e-neighborhood of the initial values. 1 This text makes no exception. 2 It is mostly unknown and symptomatic for the complexity of nonintegrable systems that Sommerfeld who was one of the greatest mathematical physicists of the time wrote in the early years of the twentieth century a

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