TAILIEUCHUNG - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P34

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P34:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 286 table for all the matching rows and set the foreign key columns to null. This means that the child rows will be orphaned but will still exist. If the columns in the child table also have a not-null constraint then the deletion from the parent table will fail. It is not possible to drop or truncate the parent table in a foreign key relationship even if there are no rows in the child table. This still applies if the ON DELETE SET NULL or ON DELETE CASCADE clause was used. A variation on the foreign key constraint is the self-referencing foreign key constraint. This defines a condition where the parent and child rows exist in the same table. An example would be a table of employees which includes a column for the employee s manager. The manager is himself an employee and must exist in the table. So if the primary key is the EMPLOYEE_ID column and the manager is identified by a column MANAGER_ID then the foreign key constraint will state that the value of the MANAGER_ ID column must refer back to a valid EMPLOYEE_ID. If an employee is his own manager then the row would refer to itself. Check Constraints A check constraint can be used to enforce simple rules such as that the value entered in a column must be within a range of values. The rule must be an expression that will evaluate to TRUE or FALSE. The rules can refer to absolute values entered as literals or to other columns in the same row and they may make use of some functions. As many check constraints as you want can be applied to one column but it is not possible to use a subquery to evaluate whether a value is permissible or to use functions such as SYSDATE. TIP The not-null constraint is in fact implemented as a preconfigured check constraint. Defining Constraints Constraints can be defined when creating a table or added to the table later. When defining constraints at table creation time the constraint can be defined in line with the column to which it .

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