TAILIEUCHUNG - Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - B

Bách khoa toàn thư nền nông nghiệp thế giới - Châu Úc - Vần B | Banaro 21 Practitioners. Sorcerers and shamans namer-o mediate between humans and the spirit world. These statuses represent visionary callings requiring long apprenticeships. Practitioners perform magic exorcisms and healing. Tesmaypits organize and supervise rituals employing head singers and providing food for ceremonies. In recent years cargo-cult leaders also have emerged. Ceremonies. Villages celebrate major rituals on a two-to four-year cycle. Ritual warfare and the activities that preceded and followed each battle traditionally was understood as integral to the cosmology of dualism reciprocity and checks and balances. Feasting dancing the carving of artworks and lengthy song cycles continue to reflect this perspective. Mythological legendary and historical heroes are extolled in epic song-poems lasting several days. Initiation papis adult adoption and men s house construction are also accompanied by ceremonies. Arts. Asmat art music and oral literature are closely bound to ceremonial and socioeconomic cycles. The master carvers wowipits have been recognized as among the best of the preliterate world. Exuberance of form shape and color characterize ancestor bis poles war shields and canoe prows. Drums and head-hunting horns are considered to be sacred objects although only singing is viewed as music. Music serves as a vehicle of possession social bonding political oratory therapy cultural transmission and recreation. Medicine. Most curers also are religious practitioners. They employ herbal remedies including tobacco sorcery and magic. The introduction of Western medicine has been systematically promoted by missionaries but only erratically promoted by the Indonesian government. Earlier Dutch programs were deemed superior. Death and Afterlife. Virtually all sickness and death is attributed to spiritual intervention or cosmic imbalance. Such imbalance leads to vulnerability. Upon death family and close friends grieve openly

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