TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 90

In order to render the work, which deals with a complex subject matter, as accessible as possible, we have made great efforts to set out the principles in a very precise and detailed way. The work abounds in cross-references to other sections and contains ^n extensive index which should enable the readers who wish to look something up | 616 12. Preterite vs present perfect in clauses with temporal adverbials Until-adverbials Prepositional phrases and adverbial clauses introduced by until or up to till up till can be used as pure duration adverbials specifying the duration of the full situation . In that case the adverbial is compatible with various tenses. I had worked worked would work have worked will work will have worked until three in the morning. The combination not . until X is often used in the sense of as late as X only at X . John didn t leave until midnight. John only left at midnight John left as late as midnight It was midnight before John left The boss wasn t in his office until noon. This is ambiguous between It is not true that the boss was in his office until noon and It was noon before the boss was in his office . On the former interpretation not has wide scope over the whole sentence on the latter it only has scope over until noon. In such sentences the not . until adverbial answers the question When rather than How long This means that such a not . until adverbial functions as a time-specifying adverbial indicating a punctual time not as a pure duration adverbial. In the remainder of section we will disregard this Adv-time use of not . until. An until-adverbial specifying a period up to a past orientation time is compatible with the past tense but is seldom used in combination with the present perfect. The present perfect is only possible if the period indicated by the until-adverbial is interpreted as an Adv-time-up-to-t0. I stayed have stayed with the body until the police came. He has stayed with his wife s body until now. Up till now I ve lodged only one complaint against her. It should be noted however that in negative sentences involving until now up to now up till now etc. the past tense can be used to express a contrast between what was not the case before now but is the case now or is soon going to be the case Hazardous waste experts

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