TAILIEUCHUNG - Entomology 3rd edition - C.Gillott - Chapter 14

14 Muscles and Locomotion 1. Introduction The ability to move is a characteristic of living animals and facilitates distribution, food procurement, location of a mate or egg-laying site, and avoidance of unsuitable conditions. Insects, largely through their ability to fly when adult, are among the most mobile and widely distributed of animals. | 14 Muscles and Locomotion 1. Introduction The ability to move is a characteristic of living animals and facilitates distribution food procurement location of a mate or egg-laying site and avoidance of unsuitable conditions. Insects largely through their ability to fly when adult are among the most mobile and widely distributed of animals. Development of this ability early in the evolution of the class has made the Insecta the most diverse and successful animal group Chapter 2 Section . However flight is only one method of locomotion employed by insects. Terrestrial species may walk jump or crawl over the substrate or burrow within it. Aquatic forms can swim in a variety of ways or run on the water surface. In their locomotory movements insects conform to normal dynamic and mechanical principles. However their generally small size and light weight have led to the development of some unique structural physiological and biochemical features in their locomotory systems. 2. Muscles Essentially the structure and contractile mechanism of insect muscles are comparable to those of vertebrate skeletal cross-striated muscle that is there are no muscles in insects of the smooth non-striated type. Within muscle cells the contractile elements actin and myosin have been identified and Huxley s sliding filament theory of muscle contraction applies. Though insect muscles are always cross-striated there is considerable variation in their structure biochemistry and neural control in accord with specific functions. Because of their small size and the variable composition of the hemolymph of insects the neuromuscular system has some unique features Hoyle 1974 . Being small an insect has a limited space for muscles which are accordingly reduced in size. Though this is achieved to some extent by a decrease in the size of individual cells fibers the principal change has been a decline in the number of fibers per muscle such that some insect muscles comprise only one or two cells. Thus

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