TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P37

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P37: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | 17 Internet Multicasting Introduction Earlier chapters define the original IP classful addressing scheme and extensions such as subnetting and classless addressing. This chapter explores an additional feature of the IP addressing scheme that permits efficient multipoint delivery of datagrams. We begin with a brief review of the underlying hardware support. Later sections describe IP addressing for multipoint delivery and protocols that routers use to propagate the necessary routing information. Hardware Broadcast Many hardware technologies contain mechanisms to send packets to multiple destinations simultaneously or nearly simultaneously . Chapter 2 reviews several technologies ai d discusses the most common form of multipoint delivery broadcasting. Broadcast delivery means that the network delivers one copy of a packet to each destination. On bus technologies like Ethernet broadcast delivery can be accomplished with a single packet transmission. On networks composed of switches with point-to-point connections software must implement broadcasting by forwarding copies of the packet across individual connections until all switches have received a copy. With most hardware technologies a computer specifies broadcast delivery by sending a packet to a special reserved destination address called the broadcast address. For example Ethernet hardware addresses consist of 48-bit identifiers with the all Is address used to denote broadcast. Hardware on each machine recognizes the machine s hardware address as well as the broadcast address and accepts incoming packets that have either address as their destination. 319 320 Internet Multicasting Chap. 17 The chief disadvantage of broadcasting arises from its demand on resources in addition to using network bandwidth each broadcast consumes computational resources on all machines. For example it would be possible to design an alternative internet protocol suite that used broadcast to deliver datagrams on a local network

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