TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Atlas of mammography (3/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Atlas of mammography” has contents: Prominent ductal patterns, the thickened skin pattern, the male breast, the postsurgical breast, the augmented breast, needle localization, percutaneous breast biopsy, asymmetry and architectural distortion, and other contents. | GRBQ182-2801G-C07[339-362].qxd 02-25-2007 10:25 AM Page 339 Techbooks[PPG-Quark] C h a p t e r 7 ◗ Prominent Ductal Patterns Linear densities on the mammogram may represent arteries, veins, and lactiferous ducts. There should be no confusion between vascular shadows and ducts. Lactiferous ducts are linear, slightly nodular densities that radiate back from the nipple into the breast. The normal lactiferous ducts are thin, measuring 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and often are not evident as separate structures on mammography. Enlarged ducts may occur in benign and malignant conditions. When ducts are enlarged, correlation with clinical examination as to the presence of discharge is important. Galactography is of help in providing further information in the evaluation of a nipple discharge, with or without dilated ducts being seen on mammography. A diffusely prominent ductal pattern bilaterally (Fig. ), associated with small nodular densities, has been described by Wolfe et al (1,2) as placing the patient at higher-than-average risk for developing breast cancer. According to Wolfe, the breast parenchyma was classified into four patterns: N1 or fatty replaced, and P1, P2, or DY with increasing amounts of ductal or glandular tissue. Because of surrounding collagen, individual ducts may not be identified; instead, a dense, triangular fanshaped density is present beneath the areola (3). The association between a prominent ductal pattern and breast cancer incidence has been debated, with some authors (4,5) agreeing with the association and others (6–8) finding no reliable indicator of risk by mammographic pattern. Ernster et al. (9) suggested that nulliparous women and women with a family history of breast cancer are more likely to have dense breasts and a prominent ductal pattern and that breast parenchymal pattern may be related to other risk factors. Funkhouser et al. (10) found a twofold increase in breast cancer risk in women with a P2 or DY Wolfe pattern in .

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• Atlas of mammography
• Prominent ductal patterns
• The thickened skin pattern
• The male breast
• The postsurgical breast
• The augmented breast
• Anatomy of the breast
• Positioning in mammography
• Spiculated masses
• Mammographic analysis
• Circumscribed masses
• New Advances in MRI
• Focal Brain Lesions
• Minimally Invasive Procedures
• Hands On Robotic Surgery
• Ultrasound Images
• Applying ICA Mixture Analysis
• NIR Breast Images